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| Turbine efficiency curves can take many shapes depending on the designs of the turbine wheel and housing. The above are just a few possible trends. |
Two major variables affecting spool-up and transient response are turbine flow and efficiency. The primary influence on spool-up is turbine flow with the turbine housing A/R being the primary method to adjust turbine flow. A smaller A/R turbine housing, which has a smaller flow area, requires less flow to get the turbine wheel to spin up as compared to a larger A/R housing with its correspondingly larger flow area. You can think of a small A/R turbine housing as a small diameter pipe (small flow area) and a large A/R turbine housing as a big diameter pipe (big flow area). For a given mass flow rate of fluid through the pipes, the velocity coming out of the small diameter pipe will be higher than out of the bigger diameter pipe. To spin up the turbine wheel, you need flow velocity and that is why smaller A/R turbine housings cause turbochargers to spin up sooner.
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| These plots above are a compressor map and turbine map for a turbocharger. The turbine map shows plots for a small and a big A/R turbine housing. As you can see, the big A/R turbine housing requires more turbine flow than the small A/R housing to get the turbocharger up to the same speed and compressor flow. The upside of course is reduced back pressure. Looking at the end of speed line #3, you can see how the larger A/R housing requires more flow, but also has a lower pressure ratio resulting in less back pressure on the engine; less back pressure improves the ability to make power by improving volumetric efficiency. |
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| This is a turbine map showing matching flow and efficiency curves. I plotted in a line showing the general efficiency trend. |
Turbine efficiency is the other major player in affecting spool-up and transient response. The variables affecting turbine efficiency are: compressor wheel to turbine wheel match, turbine housing A/R, turbine housing volute shape, turbine wheel to housing clearances, and the bearing system. I’m going to gloss over the last three quickly as an end-user has no control over these.
The shape of the turbine housing volute, or gas passage, has an effect on turbine efficiency by how it directs the gas flow to the turbine wheel. It is similar to aerodynamics where some shapes are more efficient than others. Often times, the shape must be compromised due to space and packaging constraints; a compromised turbine housing that losses some efficiency is better than a turbine housing that does not fit at all. The clearance between the blades of the turbine wheel and the walls of the turbine housing is a variable affecting efficiency. The bigger the gap, the less efficient the turbine becomes because the gas essentially goes around the wheel instead of through the wheel and therefore does no work. Ideally, there would be zero clearance, but that is impractical. Clearances are required to prevent the turbine wheel from rubbing the turbine housing. Turbine wheel movement that would allow a rub is due to shaft motion with the shaft motion being controlled by the bearing system. The other considerations are thermal expansion and distortion of the turbine housing which can cause the turbine housing to come into contact with the turbine wheel. As for the bearing system, we covered the types of bearings in Turbo Tech: Bearing Systems and how they affect turbine efficiency in Turbo Tech: Generating Compressor and Turbine Maps.
9 comments
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.
Yup, and more critically, the turbine map. I did an example here.
https://motoiq.com/turbo-tech-calculating-turbocharger-compressor-and-turbine-performance-advantage-with-the-new-honeywell-garrett-gtx-gen2/
You can do it easier with the Borg Warner Matchbot app online. There are many assumptions you will have to make if you don’t have real world data for your engine. And the biggest assumption is the turbine efficiency to use during spool-up. It’s all guesswork on the pulse effect which effectively increases turbine efficiency. A twin-scroll setup will have a much stronger pulse effect which is why they spool up turbos more quickly.